Tatiana likes to keep things tidy. Her toys are sorted from smallest to largest, her pencils are sorted from shortest to longest and her computers from oldest to newest. One day, when practicing her counting skills, she noticed that some integers, when written in base 10 with no leading zeroes, have their digits sorted in non-decreasing order. Some examples of this are 8, 123, 555, and 224488. She decided to call these numbers tidy. Numbers that do not have this property, like 20, 321, 495 and 999990, are not tidy.
She just finished counting all positive integers in ascending order from 1 to N. What was the last tidy number she counted?
Input
The first line of the input gives the number of test cases, T. T lines follow. Each line describes a test case with a single integer N, the last number counted by Tatiana.
Output
For each test case, output one line containing Case #x: y, where x is the test case number (starting from 1) and y is the last tidy number counted by Tatiana.
Limits
1 ≤ T ≤ 100.
Small dataset : 1 ≤ N ≤ 1000.
Large dataset : 1 ≤ N ≤ 1018.
Sample
Input
4
132
1000
7
111111111111111110
Output
Case #1: 129
Case #2: 999
Case #3: 7
Case #4: 99999999999999999
Solution in C++
It is not too hard to solve this problem after you know how to check if the number is in non-decreasing order and you are working with small dataset. You will take the number, test if it is in non-decreasing order. If not, decrease it by 1 and repeat the process until the number is in non-decreasing order.
What is the problem here? If you get a big number, this process will take too long time ( and you have to use proper variable type that can handle big numbers, of course ). So how to optimize it?
Decreasing the number
Let’s take the number 132 from the sample input. It’s clearly not in non-decreasing order. If you would follow the steps above, you decrease it by 1 and get 131, then 130 and finally 129 which is tidy. It would be better to extract the last number ( because it violates the order ), decrease the whole number by the last number + 1 and chek again, if it is in the right order. What about the other numbers? Well, if you don’t want to search for another numbers that violates the order and I don’t know what else, you can do this :
- take 10 as subtrahend
- is the number in non-decreasing order?
- if yes, return the number, if no, continue
- if the number ends with 99 ( i. e. subtrahend * 10 – 1 ), multiply subtrahend by 10
- substract the subtrahend from the number
- go to step 2
By how much did we improve the algorithm now? Using the first algorithm, it would take more than 1016 rounds to get the right result. After this optimization, it takes only 16 rounds!
Source code
#include
using namespace std;
bool isNonDecreasing(unsigned long long number) {
int remainder = 10;
while( number > 0 ) {
if( number % 10 <= remainder ) {
remainder = number % 10;
number /= 10;
} else {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
unsigned long long lastTidyNumber(unsigned long long number) {
unsigned long long subtrahend = ( number % 10 ) + 1;
number -= subtrahend;
subtrahend = 10;
while( !isNonDecreasing(number) ) {
if( number % (subtrahend * 10) == (subtrahend * 10) - 1 ) {
subtrahend *= 10;
}
number -= subtrahend;
}
return number;
}
int main() {
int t;
cin >> t;
unsigned long long n;
for( int i = 0; i < t; i++ ) {
cin >> n;
if( isNonDecreasing(n) ) {
cout << "Case #" << i + 1 << ": " << n << "\n";
} else {
cout << "Case #" << i + 1 << ": " << lastTidyNumber(n) << "\n";
}
}
return 0;
}
Compile and run the code
Compile the code with :
$ g++ solution.cpp -o solution
Download the small ( small-input.txt ) and large ( large-input.txt ) input and run the program with command :
$ ./solution < small-input.txt > small-output.txt
# or
$ ./solution < large-input.txt > large-output.txt
Conclusion
I hope I explained it well. If you have som other solution, other way how to solve it, please share it in the comments below.
References
Google Code Jam official page